Supply‐demand optimizer for economic emission dispatch incorporating price penalty factor and variable load demand levels

The Economic and Emission Dispatch (EED) method is widely used to optimize generator output in a power system. goal reduce fuel costs emissions, including carbon dioxide, sulphur nitrogen oxides, while maintaining balance adhering limit constraints. EED aims minimize emissions operating meeting demands. To solve the multi-objective problem, supply-demand optimization (SDO) algorithm proposed, which employs price penalty factor approach convert it into single-objective function. SDO uses swarm-based strategy inspired by mechanisms economics. algorithm's performance evaluated on seven benchmark functions before being simulate problem systems with varying numbers of units load Established algorithms like Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO), Transient Search (TSO), Whale Algorithm (WOA) are compared algorithm. simulations conducted different demands generation output. numerical analyses demonstrate that technique more efficient produces higher quality solutions than other recent methods.